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Social Media Versus Newspaper Essay - 1100 Words

Social Media Versus Newspaper (Research Proposal Sample) Content: How does the source of information (social media versus newspaper) influences knowledge of current events?Institutional affiliationNameDate optionResearch questionIn relation to the underlying issue, the paper presents a research question to act as the blueprint that will guide the review of existing literature on the topic.RQ: How does the source of information, in this case, social media and newspapers, influence knowledge of current events?Based on the provided research question, it is possible to identify the major areas that the paper will touch. The areas include; 1. Social media versus traditional media 2. Influence of source on knowledge of current events 3. Censoring of social media contentLiterature reviewNew media continues to evolve and morph, such that its status tomorrow is virtually unpredictable to most of the populace. The surge in the usage of new media stems from its ability to offer the user on-need access to information anytime, on any digitally e nabled device, as well as an interactive user feedback (Stephens, et al, 2014). New forms of media subscribe to the democratization of the creation publishing, distribution and the consumption of media content (Parker, 2009). Typically, a distinguishing aspect of the new media relative to the traditional media is the digitization of contents into bits. Further, there is the dynamic aspect of content production that is applicable in real time, though the offerings are yet to gain substantial traction for standardization.Social media versus traditional mediaStudies agree that the use of the social media continues to be among the most common activity of the current generation (Parker, 2009; Patrick, 2009; Horton, 2008). A website that permits social interaction is regarded as a social media site inclusive of social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Weibo, Myspace among others. The sites offer the populace a portal for entertainment (Horton, J. (2008), communication and act as a source of information (Patrick, 2009). Consequently, they have grown exponentially in usage recently. With the advent of smartphones that offer internet connectivity and access to the social networking sites, scholarships argue that almost 75 percent of the world's populace own phones (King, et al, 2013). Further, Ceron, et al, (2014) suggest that over 25 percent of mobile owners use them for social media while another 54 percent use them for texting, and another segment use them for instant messaging. Qualman, (2010) agrees that a large part of the world's generations perceive social media sites for news alerts.Hypothesis 1: More people are now dependent on social media as a source of information on current events.Influence of source of knowledge about current eventsAccording to Bayen, Kuhlmann, (2011), how persons interact and consume information is mostly influenced by the source of the information. For instance, it is possible to trust the advice of a physician but not that of a hairdresser. As such, remembering the source of information is a vital element of the human memory (Cook, et al, 2003). Some studies have formulated a theoretical framework for source monitoring that provides two types of information that individuals apply in attributing memories to a source (Bayen, Kuhlmann, 2011). Among the type of information source are the episodic contextual features encoded in memories. People may recall perceptual details such as the image of the individual that shared some information. The other type of source pertains general knowledge, schemas, beliefs stereotypes and plausibility (Ceron, et al, 2014).Various empirical studies have proposed evidence that an information source that offers various patterns of information can easily influence an individual. In their study, Aurisicchio, et al, (2010) agreed that source modern day media have the advantage of combining graphics, motion pictures and interactive sessions with users. They compare the use of m agazines and the Twitter site. In their study, Lloyd, et al, (2006) established that persons preferred Twitter to dailies (p=0.03). In as much as dailies are available for purchase, the fact that they offer no prompt feedback to the consumer puts them off. Another study concluded that in the long term, buying a printed form of a magazine is more costly than maintaining a smartphone (P=0.02) (Stephens, et al, 2014). Studies agree that social media sites such as Weibo, Facebook, and Twitter are rapidly taking over news agencies and magazines as the primary sources of information (Meraz, S. (2009; Fu, et al, 2013). The ability of the social media to offer real-time updates on the recent trends and development in all spheres of life offers them an upper hand. Most social media sites provide no restriction on the content shared, unlike magazines that offer limitations as per the audience (Horton, 2008). Scholarships have established that social media usage rises during important historic al events (Ceron, et al, 2014). For instance, during elections, social media offers users updates on the performance of their candidates in real time at no cost. Unlike social media, magazines have to be written, edited, printed and distributed physically the following day or after a specified period. Social media offers consumers a chance to keep up with what others are doing in their line of work. They also offer current happenings in the tech world; further some social media sites such as Facebook and Weibo enable users to follow their interests with peers (Sullivan, 2014).Hypothesis 2: The source of information affects knowledge acquisition.Censoring of media contentDue to the uncensored and unrestricted nature of the content shared in most social media sites, debate ensues regarding the quality of the information consumed by users. Studies suggest that most of the content contained in printed media such as magazines and newspaper undergoes a series of stringent audit to ensure that the intended audience fits it for consumption (Lorentzen, 2014). Nevertheless, the coming of the social media has witnessed a sudden shift in the quality of the information shared across the populace. Nevertheless, debates arise regarding the originality of the information carried on some social media sites such as Weibo in China. With the closure of Facebook and Twitter in China, new social media sites had to abide by government restrictions on the type of information shared (Fu, et al, 2013). Of interest is the argument whether a censored media provides it consumers the benefits associated with social media. Lorentzen, (2014) argues that sensitive information, and complaints on current events conveyed by most sites are highly censored in most countries. Such sites, as per Fu, et al, (2013) lack the reliability offered by conventional sources of communication. It seems that rather being sources of information, such censored sites are nothing but channels of updating peers on t he developments of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life.Hypothesis 3: Censoring reduces the reliability of the information conveyed by a source.Having analyzed the relevant literature to this, various issues stand out as critical in contributing more knowledge to this study, these includes 1 How censoring affects knowledge acquisition 2 The role of conventional media in broadcasting informationSummary and ConclusionSocial media continues to transform the lives of many globally, putting the world informed of current happenings in real time. The world is gradually experiencing a shift from traditional sources of information that provide them immediate feedback and continence. In as much as social media continues ...

Ethical Issues For Livestrong 5 - 3171 Words

THOMPSON RIVERS UNIVERSITY Livestrong Foundation Analysis BUSN 6010 Business Ethics Fall 2014 Zhou Yang (T00049067) Xuan Li (T00045846) Mohsin Shekhani(T00039156) Tung Phan(T00053780) Edward Mishio (T00000000) November 19, 2014 Contents Company Background: 2 Case Background: 3 Ethical Issues for Livestrong 5 Organization Perspective: 5 Funders Perspective: 5 Breakdown of stakeholders involved 7 Organization’s Response: 9 Conclusion: 11 Recommendations: 11 Bibliography: 11 Company Background: In 1996, at the age of 25 Lance Armstrong was diagnosed with testicular cancer that spread to his brain, lungs and abdomen. He educated himself about the cancer and its treatment. While combating with cancer he recognized the resources available for people combatting this cancer were very less. Therefore, he created a foundation with the purpose of helping others who are diagnosed with cancer. It is a non-profit organization. In 1997, Lance Armstrong was officially formed and now known as Livestrong Foundation, has influenced millions of lives over the years. The foundation has fought on behalf of the cancer patients in policy debates and stigma many cancer survivors throughout the world face. Under the leadership of Lance Armstrong, the foundation was able to raise millions of dollars for cancer patients and he was always vigorously fighting for these people in the congress and United Nations. The foundation was able to create an international presence inShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects of Child Beauty Pageants Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagessuperiority above others. Toddlers and Tiaras star Eden Wood, age 6, threw a tantrum at the Allure Fashion Week Lounge in New York when she could not get her teeth whitened, the New York Post reported Thursday (Toddlers and Tiaras). It is not ethical for six-year old toddlers to be asking to get their teeth whitened. Eden is a very well-known and adored pagean t star, consequently she takes advantage of her place in the pageant world by demanding things not suitable for her age and throwing fitsRead MoreZappos5472 Words   |  22 Pagesdirection of O.C. Ferrell and Linda Ferrell. It is provided for the Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative at the University of New Mexico and is intended for classroom discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of administrative, ethical, or legal decisions by management. Users of this material are prohibited from claiming this material as their own, emailing it to others, or placing it on the Internet. Please call O.C. Ferrell at 505†277†3468 for more information. (2012)   Read MoreStrategic Marketing Planning for Non Profit Organization9605 Words   |  39 Pageslegislative briefing books, and on-line advocacy, for example. Together, this combination of disciplined marketing and focused, issue-oriented communications has made MADD a political force in every statehouse and on Capitol Hill. And it’s not just MADD. Effective organizations of all stripes are taking advantage of both sides of the coin to get the message out about their issue, cultivate donors, and impress policymakers. Take a look next time you go to the web site or get direct mail from the NationalRead MoreMcFit Marketing Strategy Plan Essay5504 Words   |  23 Pagesthe ingredients preferred, such as milk instead of water or vanilla instead of chocolate. Selling protein shakes at McDonald’s is a very viable solution to reaching busy active individuals, vegetarians, and those recovering from illness or injury (LiveStrong, 2012). The need for healthy food with fast food c onvenience exists, and offering Muscle Milk will suit the needs of those individuals wanting more protein, strength, and sustained muscle mass. Muscle Milk provides a precise blend of 25 gramsRead MoreUnderstanding Marketing Management16709 Words   |  67 PagesPlans a Ch ter p 1 In This Chapter, We Will Address the Following Questions 1. Why is marketing important? 2. What is the scope of marketing? 3. What are some core marketing concepts? 4. How has marketing management changed in recent years? 5. What are the tasks necessary for successful marketing management? One of the key factors in Barack Obama’s victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election was a well-designed and well-executed marketing program. Defining Marketing for the 21st

Assignments free essay sample

Gandhi National Open University Core Course in M. A. Sociology MSO-002: Research Methodologies and Methods Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) Maximum Marks: 100 Programme Code : MSO Weightage : 30% Course Code : MSO-002 Assignment Code: MSO-002/AST/TMA/2012-13 Answer questions from both the sections. Marks Section- A Answer any two of the following questions. 1. What is phenomenology? Explain the contribution of Martin Heideg ger to understand phenomenology. 25 2. What is positivism? Discuss Giddens’s critique of positivism. 25 3. Explain the comparative method. Discuss its scope in socia l science research. 25 4. Discuss the participatory approach to social research. Comp are and contrast it with conventional research methodologies. 25 5. Critically examine the nature and scope of feminist method in social science Research. 25 Section- B Write a research report on any one of the following topics in about 3000 words. 1. Change in the family structure and familial relations in I ndia. 50 2. Significance of open and distance learning in democratization of education. 50 3. Relevance of quantitative method in sociological research. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 50 You can write this report based either on (a) review of  literature, or (b) data collected from the primary sources. (a) For review of literature you are to select either two books or four research articles published recently professional research journal. Write a revie w article focusing on the location of the study, methodology followed and the main findings of these studies. (b) For the primary source you are to collect two case studies and write a report on the selected topic in a comparative framework. While writing t he report spell out clearly the objectives and the problems of the study and your finding.

Thought Leadership

THOUGHT LEADERSHIP In today’s rapidly moving day and age, business arenas change and evolve all the time. And with all of those transformations and progressions come the want and need for the exchange of ideas, concepts and solutions. The oil and gas industry is no exception. That’s why many companies are incorporating, thought leadership into their business practices. They engage a targeted executive audience with compelling findings dispensed through articles, newsletters, publications and digital media. Thought leadership revolves around establishing and maintaining a commanding voice about topics of relevance and concern to your target audience. It’s about providing answers to their biggest questions; it’s about addressing the newest hot topics in and offering reliable information—and, perhaps, your own perspective—about those issues. The ultimate goal of employing thought leadership is to establish your company as a leading authority in the world. It’s also a useful way to jump-start relationships where none existed, while enhancing relationships that already exist. â€Å"Our hope is that whoever comes across one of our articles or blog posts will find some value in it,† explains Amal Abdallah, a social media and marketing coordinator for Clover Global Solutions, a Houston-based staffing agency for the industry. â€Å"We offer people a new perspective on something, especially if they’re not very familiar with that topic; the written piece sparks interest in the subject and lets people learn more about it.† Clover’s questions at the end of its blog posts engage readers and spur thought leadership. A recent piece about competence assurance evoked quite a few responses. â€Å"It’s a way educate, inform, promote discussion and encourage people to think outside the box,† says Abdallah. â€Å"And we’ve been getting some really good responses from people who agree that it’s very important. They then offer their opinions on different types of disciplines within the industry.† Practicing and disseminating thought leadership has numerous benefits. Besides educating readers about OG, companies also use it to start new relationships, strengthen existing affiliations, build brand familiarity and form brand loyalty. Thought leadership content also gives companies exposure in their lines of work; it places them in the forefront of—and in a position of authority about—the current conversations and issues in their businesses. Thought leadership can come from any source: executives, customers, product managers, designers, customer service reps and sales people. Each employee has a unique point of view, as well as valuable knowledge and experience. AECOM recently tackled the issue of how people with creative minds and spirits can positively influence sustainable communities associated with extraction projects around the world. Paul Fennelly, senior vice president of business development for AECOM Environment business line, was invited by New York’s Storefront for Art and Architecture to participate in a panel discussion called Environments of Extraction. Fennelly developed a theme around the concept that most oil gas exploration and production projects have a finite lifetime of 25 years, and one can think of them as having a discrete beginning, middle and end. Fennelly’s contributions to the panel resulted in some lively discussion about the future of fossil fuels and how the audience can learn more about sustainability issues surrounding large scale extraction. Cardno, which has been providing services to clients ranging from global corporations to local specialized companies for more than 30 years, recently answered some of these questions regarding Australia: What’s the economic outlook for the industry in Australia, and what opportunities are there for growth?; Do you foresee continued growing demand for across international markets?; and, What are the top environmental concerns relating to the industry, and how can they be addressed? Cardno experts Paul Webber (sector leader – Energy, Australia and New Zealand) and Anthony Lane (senior principal – Cardno Lane Piper) provided some valuable insights into this escalating sector. And BP has addressed the topics of personal health and safety, readiness in case of an oil spill, sharing and embedding lessons learned from major accidents and managing the impact on protected wildlife â€Å"Our thought leadership topics go with what the trends of the industry are,† says Clover Global Solutions’ Abdallah. â€Å"For example, if somebody is looking for a position in oil and gas, we address the best city to live if you want to work in that field and where the hot spots for oil in America are. In another example, we had a blog post that talked about some of the steps you can take if your company is being acquired by another and you might be losing your job.† Clover believes that people seek out thought leadership because OG is an incredibly dynamic industry that requires you to stay not only with game but also ahead of the game. Abdallah sums up the role that thought leadership plays in her company’s 2014 plans: â€Å"We want our end result to be to find somebody who may be interested in working for Clover or who is interested in acquiring Clover as a client. Ultimately, though, we want to be sure that we can always offer intuitive and informative and educational blog articles as thought leadership so that we keep that level of integrity and professionalism.† A PRIMER Thought Leadership 101 Writing a compelling thought leadership piece begins with the development of a topic. But if that first step seems like a big leap, take heart: Here’s some advice to clear the way and help you create a topic that will resonate with your readers. Thought leadership is an entry point to a relationship. A successful thought leadership article will intrigue, challenge, and inspire even people who are familiar with a company. It will help start a relationship where none exists and enhance existing relationships. Being an expert on something doesn’t automatically make you a thought leader. Thought leaders have a knack for sharing knowledge. Thought leadership requires an immediate information outlet, such as a blog, that allows you to comment quickly on news and changing circumstances in your field. Your thought leadership article should deliver answers to the biggest questions on the minds of your audience. Remember: The audience determines what the questions are. Keep the â€Å"I† out of your article as much as possible and focus on â€Å"You.† How do you know what’s on your audience’s mind? Ask! If possible, query your readers directly. But if that’s not possible, you can follow the example of an international oilfield services company that is embarking on a thought leadership campaign. They surveyed key managers who are close to customers to get a sense of what the customers are thinking. Some of the questions the company asked its managers were: What are the most pressing concerns of the oil and gas operators you talk to? What do they want to do better/smarter/more profitably? What have they been surprised to find out? What areas do they wish they knew more about or felt more competent about? What are the questions they ask you? What have you been asked to consult with operators about? Before you put pen to paper or fingers to keyboard, ask yourself if the topic you’re considering: addresses a timely issue offers new insight identifies an issue that readers might not even know about is interesting, provocative, or even counter intuitive Your thought leadership article should be educational, but it’s OK to also be entertaining. In fact, nothing turns most readers off faster than a dry, rote lecture. Include stories and examples that bring the topic to life. Include facts from credible, unbiased sources. Tell readers what to do. Seriously. Provide a practical, achievable call to action.

Sherman Alexie’s Short Stories Essays

Sherman Alexie’s Short Stories Essays Sherman Alexie’s Short Stories Paper Sherman Alexie’s Short Stories Paper Essay Topic: Back in the World Stories In Sherman Alexie’s short stories â€Å"This is what it means to say Phoenix, Arizona†, and â€Å"Indian Education† Alexie uses action and dialogue to show the struggles of an Indian culture in a white mans world, putting the theme of race and social justice in a dilemma. Alexie uses dialogue in the short story â€Å"This is what it means to say Phoenix, Arizona†, to illustrate an ill-funded Indian reservation. After Victor had found out that his father had passed away Victor needed money to retrieve his father remains, realizing that, â€Å"[The only people that] have money on a reservation, [are] the cigarette and fireworks salespeople. People in the reservation truly don’t have money but for the few that sell cigarettes and fireworks, even the Tribal Council, â€Å"[Has] a difficult time financially†, only being able to provide Victor with a hundred dollars for the retrievel of his fathers remains. Alexie also uses action in the short story â€Å"Indian Education† to give a sense of predigest against the Indian race. While in the second grade Alexies teacher makes him take a separate spelling test designed for junior high students, and when he proved to her that he could spell the words correctly she made him eat the test. The predigest missionary teacher wanted Alexie to feel inadequate by giving him a harder test, even though he passed, the teacher was in such rage that he did not fail she made him eat the test. The missionary teacher has no respect for Alexie by calling him an, â€Å"indian, indian, indian† with no capitalization, giving no sing of respect for his background. Sherman Alexie’s short stories tell the stories of Indians in a racial and social injustice world.

Personal leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal leadership - Essay Example One of the most notable things about this individual was how they learned to lead. While a handful of managers at the restaurant had experience in hospitality management from formal training, this particular manager had learned his management skills from on the job work. In these regards, his skill-set stood out slightly from managers that had the formal background and in some instances one could detect a slight sense of superiority from those that had actually gone through formal schooling. Instead, this manager had begun his career as a host in one of the less populated restaurants, and later moved to serving. As he succeeded at these positions upper level management soon offered him a managerial position at that particular restaurant; after succeeding at this restaurant he transferred to the larger restaurant, where I came into contact with him. Consider this brief background account, it’s clear that the individual developed their leadership and managerial skills from in-ho use interactions and personal life experience rather than formal training. In examining his leadership skills this was evident as there seemed to be a greater level of understanding, efficiency, and empathy with the employees and business practices than the managers that predominantly had formal training. In terms of defining leadership there are a number of issues that must be considered in relation to this individual’s philosophy. While some my disregard the insight that can be gleamed from the perspective of a restaurant manager, this paper argues that in actuality this perspective is highly relevant to nearly all forms of business as it consists of a combination of a variety of class understandings. For instance, the restaurant provides a solid combination of lower, middle, and upper class patrons that must be considered and negotiated with; there is also a highly diverse workforce, with different ages and nationalities that must be managed. In these respects the position demands a highly malleable individual. In terms of this man’s leadership philosophy it was clear that he adopted a policy of mutual respect for employees. He treated all individuals equitably and had a general understanding demeanor. If there were any specific leadership philosophies embodied in his approach I believe they would generally be linked to this element as a base factor. Extending beyond the equitable treatment of employees and customers there were a number of elements within his treatment of employees that were highly notable. In terms of new employees he was understanding and open, allowing them to develop in a constructive and not overly critical way. In terms of experienced employees his approach was one wherein rather than having to demand respect through professional rank, he gained respect by being a reliable and efficient employee. In very few instances was there employee disrespect, as the general consensus in regards to his leadership approach was positi ve. In achieving this level of respect it was clear that it was accomplished through his daily actions. For example, he always showed up for work on time and was highly efficient in terms of restaurant tasks. One such skill was his ability to route food orders to the specific waiters and ensure the food arrived at the table in a timely way. Another skill was being able to speak with all customers on a level that made them feel comfortable with his

Bicycle gives environment low impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bicycle gives environment low impact - Essay Example The government of Queensland however also explains that using a bicycle over a distance of 10 kilometers saves the environment from emission of 1500 kilograms of greenhouse gas (1). Unlike cars that are widely used for transport in urban areas, bicycle use also reduces environmental pollution by exhaust gases carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur oxides. In addition, bicycle usage generates less noise compared to noise from engines of other locomotive machines such as cars and motor bicycles (Deakin University of Australia 2). Disposal of waste material is another burden to the environment and bicycles reduce this. This is because of relatively less materials that are used to assemble bicycles, compared to materials used for other vessels such as vehicles and airplanes. Density of materials used in bicycles is also lower and this facilitate disposal of bicycle parts once they are worn out (Queensland Government 1). Deakin University of Australia. â€Å"Environmental benefits of cycling.† Deakin University of Australia. N.d. Wweb. October 23, 2014. < https://www.deakin.edu.au/travelsmart/docs/theenvironmentabenefitsofcycling_fact%20sheet.pdf

France and the United States Essay Example for Free

France and the United States Essay This paper seeks to provide comparative analysis of early childhood education policy between France and the United States. The discussion will focus on the programs origin and what the programs were intended to achieve. The study will look at the focus, of the programs, the beneficiaries and the cost. In analyzing the early childhood policy outcome in the two countries, the paper assesses the successes as well as the shortcomings of the policy programs. The federal government has not developed a policy on early childhood education that is applicable in the nation. As opposed to the comprehensive early child education policy in France. The U. S. government has only been supporting specific preschool programs for those children from poor neighborhoods and low income families. This trend is also evident in the various states which have not been able to come up with early childhood policy that can be used uniformly by education stakeholders throughout the state. Earl childhood education program is largely left in the hands of private education providers through kindergartens. (Mitchell, A. , Ripple, C. , Chanana, N. , 1998, p. 24). The Early childhood education policy by the government is defined in its actions which in regulating the demand and supply of early childhood education services. In implementing early childhood policy, the government provides direct and indirect financial subsidies to private providers of these services in the form of grants, contracts and tax incentives. Provision of direct and indirect financial support to parents of children in early childhood program. This support may be in the form of cash benefits, tax benefits to offset the cost of this service and vouchers to pay for the service. The government also participates by regulating players in the field of early childhood education through legislation. Early childhood education program in the U. S are run on a full day of part time basis and they include pre-kindergartens, kindergartens, compensatory education programs and nursery schools. The other programs that support early childhood education include childcare centres, family support programs, before and after school programs, family type day care homes. Because there is no clear line between the government and private support in this sector. (OECD Country report, 2000, p. 5) There is no clear data concerning the cost of early childhood education in United States. However, the federal spending on the program has been very minimal compared to grade k-12. Studies in the year 2002 reveals that the states spent 2. 5 billion dollars on early childhood education while the federal government spent 6. 5billion on early childhood program. This is in exclusion of funds spent on pre-primary education for special students. This is the contrary of the case in France where the government full funds its early childhood education program. Then enrolment in early childhood program for the year 2002 was estimated at 750,000 with 85% enrolled in private institutions. In the United States, the government has a policy that ensures quality, affordability, and availability of child care for all families. The Child Care Bureau administers federal funds to states, territories, and tribes to assist eligible families including low-income families. The childcare bureaus provide childcare for children when the parents work or participate in allowable education or training activities. Through the Child Care Bureau funds various Technical Assistance projects that promote quality, strengthen program administration are supported. The funds are also used to finance Good Start which is the president’s initiative towards early childhood education as well as carry out research to help policy makers. The child care programs in the United States involved the administrators, parents and other stakeholders than in the case of France that is more regulated from above. According to OECD report (2000, p. 21). Most children are enrolled in private institutions compared to those in public institutions with most parents taking their children for part time programs. This is illustrated in the table below showing enrolment in early childhood education programs in thousands. The only early childhood policy that received direct support by the federal government is the introduction of Head start program to take care of those children from low income families. This program is funded by the federal government of the U. S since it caters for the children of the financially deprived parents from poor neighbourhood. According to OECD report (2000, p. 18) The cost of funding this program has increased steadily, reaching almost $4. 7 billion in fiscal year 1999 and $5. 27 billion in fiscal year 2000. This program was started as a strategy to deal with problems associated with children from poor neighbourhood. Dealing with their emotional, cognitive, social and cognitive deficits ensured a well rounded individual who was prepared to adopt a life style that made them productive individuals from poor homes. The major aim is however to academically prepare students for their primary school studies. According to Mitchell, A. , Ripple, C. , Chanana, N. (1998, p. 34-50). Research shows that those students who had undergone early childhood programs like Head Start had fewer referrals for remedial classes or special education. These students were also more likely to remain in regular classes throughout their public school years. Fewer retentions rate as preschool graduates were less likely to repeat grades. The students maintained excellent scores very few of them had failing grades in their school years. The students were acknowledged by their teachers as having greater social and emotional maturity and had a high probability of completing their high school studies without dropping out. Due development of positive attitude about school at an early age, these students had greater academic motivation, on-task behavior, capacity for independent work, and time spent on homework. Lower incidence of absenteeism/detentions. Graduates had lower incidences of absenteeism and detentions. Preschool graduates had much higher scores on measures of attitude toward school and toward particular subject areas those who attended early childhood education are found to have better self-esteem, greater internal locus of control compared to those who never attend the program. Preschool education is believed to help in preventing unwanted pregnancies among young school girls. The program is also believed to reduce incidences of indiscipline like drug abuse and delinquent acts among students, this some researchers believe is due to the introduction of rules and regulations to students at an early age hence contributing to positive upbringing. Due to improved self esteem developed from an early age, preschool graduates are more likely to participate in social activities like sports and community work. As opposed to those who did not attend early education, the beneficiaries have a better meaning for education and develop high future aspirations. This also contributes to the likelihood of them enrolling and completing their secondary education. These benefits of early childhood education are extending to the society as beneficiaries have a higher possibility of securing better paying jobs hence reducing dependency in the society. There is high unlikelihood that these people will engage in antisocial behavior in the society. (Morgan, G. , Azer, S. , Costley, J. , Genser, A. , Goodman, I. , Lombardi, J. , and McGimsey, B. , 1993, p. 45, 78). The Head Start program is however accused of contributing to inequality in the education arena as those who are considered financially stable have been ignored. This is no longer a shortfall in France as their early childhood policy caters for all children despite their family backgrounds. The increasing number of mothers securing jobs is however increasing government participation in provision of early childhood programs especially in those kindergartens which are integrated in public primary schools. For instance, District of Columbia is made kindergarten attendance a legal requirement for children. (OECD Country report, 2000, p. 14) The diagram below illustrate the increasing number of working mothers with children under age six due U. S policy on Early childhood education and care between 1960 and 1999. Despite lack of comprehensive policy regarding early childhood education, a lot of expenditure has been incurred in supporting efforts towards achieving the same. The figures reported by OECD report( 2000, p. 23) is an illustration of cost of efforts employed by U. S to achieve ECEC as compared between 1992 and 1999 constant dollar reported in millions of dollars. As opposed to the United States, France has a clear government policy regarding earl childhood education. The program is publicly funded and caters for those children between the ages of 2-6 year olds known as Ecole Maternelle. The system has specific programs for those children under age three and it is administered under the Ministry of Education delivered under education auspices of the ministere de la Jeunesse, de l’Education nationale et de la Recherche. (Oberhuemer, P. , Ulich, M. , 1997, p. 27). These programs are freely provided by the government for eight hours during the day including breaks like lunchtime. Extension beyond these hours is optional and those parents who work for longer hours can pay for additional hours that their children are taken care of at early childhood education centres. Since these programs are meant to benefit children and their parents who earn poorly, the additional charges levied on parents take into consideration the parent’s income. Any child starting school has to go through ecole maternelle which is the preparatory level in the education system. (OECD Country report, 2004, p. 4-7). Early preschool education is divided into three sections namely: the little section, middle section and large section. The little section is meant for three year olds, the middle section is for four-year-olds and large section is for five-year-olds. Two year olds belong to very little section. France is also committed to empowering the low income parents just like Head Start in the United States hence the government organizes bridging activities for those who are about to start schooling in poor neighborhoods. Such a program is supposed to familiarize the learners with the academic in readiness for school system. The table below shows the trends in the percentage of children in the ecole maternelle by age as from the year 1960-2002 according to French background report in 2003.

Essay on the Gay as a Literary Figure in The Picture of Dorian Gray

The Gay as a Literary Figure in The Picture of Dorian Gray  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   This paper shall explore the gay as a literary figure based on Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. The aim of the essay is threefold. Firstly, to show how the gay is related to two of the most potent archetypal images: those of Dionysos and Apollo. Secondly, to demonstrate that the Wildean gay is profoundly afraid of life, and that his interest in form and aesthetic proportion rests on a principle of "evasion." Thirdly, to contend that the humor in this novel, and by extension also in Wilde's plays, is a symptom of the author's fascination with an archetypal "gay." The Picture of Dorian Gray revolves around Dorian's dual nature. On the one hand, he is the young hero whose adventures the novel records; on the other, he is a painted image of "extraordinary personal beauty." When Lord Henry tells him that his exceptional looks will not last, the young man prays that he be allowed to remain as he is in Basil's portrait of him. Dorian wants to enjoy his youth for ever. His "mad wish" is a key to the archetypal factors which... ... intoxication and Apollonian form; of Dionysian involvement and Apollonian unapproachability. He is able to enjoy the Dionysian pleasures to which he wants to abandon himself, but at an Apollonian distance. Works Cited Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Ed. Isobel Murray. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. Wilde, Oscar. The Letters of Oscar Wilde. Ed. R. Hart-Davis. London: Hart-Davis, 1962. Jung, C.G. The Collected Works. Ed. Sir Herbert Read etc. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953-1976. Vol. 9.ii; par. 73. Also CW 11.283.   

China Returns to Africa Essay

The book â€Å"China Returns to Africa: A Superpower and a Continent Embrace† provides in-depth account of Chinese-African relations. The central claim of the book is that geopolitical relations between Africa and China has provoked international interests as China remains one of the most promising and powerful states in the world. The editors have assembled 24 essays by academics that possess exceptional knowledge with the purpose to shed light on the unexpected Chinese-African operations. The chapters address diverse subjects as, for example, social influence of Chinese Diaspora in Africa, the history of Tanzanian railway, the history of Chinese medicine, the progress of Beijing in buying oil and natural resources, the breadth of African continent, etc. The book presents a balanced impressive study of the most important developments in the modern worlds, as Chinese-African relations will affect economics and politics of all countries. In 2006 China celebrated a new strategic partnership. The interest of China in African continent has raised a number of debates as researches found it interesting to reveal what China expects from Africa. However, academic and development policy circles neglect country’s re-engagement with the African continent. In contrast to Europe and America, China treats Africa equally, not as inferior country. With the help of China Africa is viewed to be able to establish business deal with Western countries. In the late 1960s China made a decisive ideological thrust into the African continent and was humiliated for that by the rest of the world’s powerful countries and Africa itself. The painful experience of Mao’s men prevented further relations with Africa for about 40 years. The economic wreck was contributed to China’s disastrous experiments with socialism. A new invasion of Africa began in the past 15 years. New effort appeared to be more pragmatic and was driven mainly by a quest for new energy sources and new raw materials. Economic invasion was backed up by country’s huge wealth and, therefore, its implication was more likely to be far-reaching than the last Maoist adventure. Western powers were prompted to corresponding alarm as they were unaware what to expect from Chinese-African relations. The book notes that more than 800 Chinese companies have invested more than ? 5 billion in economic development of African countries and there is more to come. The editors admit in introduction that â€Å"China’s expanding relations with Africa are the most important dynamic in the foreign relations and politics of the continent since the end of the cold war†. (Alden et al. , 2008, ii) In particular, China offers African continent three things – money, long-term commitment and assurance of non-inference. Money offered accounted for larger sums that offered by western competitors and assurance of non-inference means that human rights won’t be troubled by Chinese lifestyle in contrast to European and American countries to impose their beliefs and policies within the continent. Thus, local dignitaries of African continent will remain original. Further, one of the chapters addresses the important of media in Chinese-African relations as media is the fourth power in the world. It is noted that Chinese media presents future of Chinese-African relations in different way from that of western reports and prophesies. Chinese partnership has expanded in Senegal, Mauritius and Cape Verde. Chinese traders are restoring the infrastructure in Angola. China buys cobalt from Congo and South Africa; feed from Ethiopia, Tanzania and Sudan; copper from South Africa and Zambia; chemicals from Nigeria; ferrous metals from Zimbabwe; and oil from everywhere. Angola has become China’s biggest supplier. The authors assess the costs and benefits of China’s re-engagement into African continent. On the one side, the prices are boosted by the increased competition for commodities. The West seems to be troubled about the Chinese imperialism because many of the trade practices have been commonplace among the European and American companies. Many countries simply tended to get out of Africa without investing in it. In contrast, China offers new scope of economic relations through equal treatment. Nevertheless, the poorest people in Africa would hardly benefit from Chinese-African relations as reliance on capital-intensive commodity industries is not effective way to fight poverty. The problem is that Chinese money goes into the pockets of Africa’s elites and into Swiss banks. The editors cite a spokesman of the Kenyan government who argues: â€Å"You never hear the Chinese saying that they will not finish a project because the government has not done enough to tackle corruption. If they are going to build a road, it will be built†. (Alden et al. , 2008, 23) Some authors are more skeptic about the future of the Chinese-African relations. They argue that with years the issue of ‘governance’ can’t be escaped as governance is the pre-condition of stable economic relationships and economic development. China is argued to suffer from lack of spiritual dimension in the countries practicing Christianity, Islam and other indigenous systems of beliefs. Overall, the book is very informative presenting multiple perspectives on development of Chinese-African relations. The authors offer far-reaching surveys of China’s return to the African continent. The new relations are assumed to hold for diplomacy, trade and further development. The authors are surely correct in their efforts to refuse taking high morale line about what China is willing to get from Africa. The positive is that China tends to treat Africa as equal partner, whereas Europe treated Africa as inferior state. Africa should be provided with more respect, the country should be provided with opportunity to decide what it wants and what it doesn’t want. With China, Africa may be able to strengthen its economic and political position in the world. Nevertheless, the negative is that China may tend to impose its own beliefs and governance similar to European countries. Development of Chinese-African relations depends fully on country’s abilities to cooperate. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alden, Chr. , Large, D. , & de Oliviera, R. , ed. China Returns to Africa: A Superpower and a Continent Embrace. USA: Hurst & Co Publishers LTD, 2008.

The Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigration into the United...

The Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigration into the United States Illegal immigration has been an important and serious issue for decades; which affects everyone, both Americans and immigrants themselves. Illegal Immigration has three main purposes: first to find a better life in the ?promise land?, second: free healthcare, and third: for criminal activity. Most illegal immigrants come to America with the best intentions for themselves and/or their families, but many others have alternative motives. The thing that must be remembered is that illegal immigration is illegal. It?s all in the name. ?Over 6 million illegal immigrants live in the US- some estimate even more.? (Illegal Immigration) This is astonishing. Six†¦show more content†¦More appalling is the fact that 60 percent of the 18the Street gang?s membership consists of illegal aliens. The gang?s crimes range from armed robbery to arson to murder.? (Izumi, Lance T.) Other immigrants who come to America illegally get here, and then go to hospitals with no insurance, or may apply for welfare such as unemployment or food assistance. Since welfare comes from taxes paid by citizens of the United States, this practice is highly looked down upon, even despised. Although some illegal immigrants pay taxes through false social security numbers, it doesn?t come close to adding up to the amount spent on healthcare for the population living in the U.S. Illegal immigration is not always looked down upon, as some say they help our economy, while others say hurt the economy. ?Many business owners, on the other hand, are strongly pro-immigration. President Bill Clinton and others who supported the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) believed that the free flow of people over national borders, like that of goods and capital, could only lead to prosperity.? 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